The project addresses one of the healthcare priority areas in China and Australia – better outcomes and better cost - particularly in vulnerable populations. Previous studies have reported ex-post moral hazard and ex-ante moral hazard in relation to concessional policies might occur in vulnerable populations. Concession cardholders tended to overuse the healthcare services and use more sophisticated medical services, which may be unnecessary. Findings from this project may inform potential improvement in the Australian context, and help reshaping the one size fit for all healthcare landscape in China.